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The concerns were outlined by BOJ Executive Director Koji Nakamura during a conference on monetary policy hosted by the central bank in May. Conference notes released on Monday showed that policymakers were increasingly focused on the possibility that supply-side shocks could become persistent and push up underlying inflation and inflation expectations, Reuters reported. Read more: Global Market: Japan stocks fall as AI concerns hit tech shares; Nikkei down 1.6% Import Costs, Yen Key Inflation Risks According to Reuters, Nakamura highlighted the sharp response of Japanese consumer prices to external shocks, including changes in import prices and exchange rates. The BOJ official said these nonlinear price reactions should be considered when setting monetary policy. The comments underscore the challenge facing the BOJ as it seeks to determine how quickly interest rates should rise. While central banks generally look through temporary supply disruptions, repeated shocks can become embedded in inflation and alter the behaviour of households and companies. Japan's weak yen has contributed to higher import costs, while rising fuel prices linked to geopolitical tensions have added to inflationary pressures. These factors have increased the risk that inflation could remain above the BOJ's 2% target for longer than policymakers had anticipated. Read more: Global Market: South Korean shares fall as AI concerns weigh; won strengthens BOJ Signals Further Rate Hikes The BOJ raised its policy rate to 1% in June, taking borrowing costs to their highest level in more than three decades. Reuters has reported that the central bank is expected to raise rates again this week, as policymakers assess continuing inflation risks and the strength of the domestic economy. The BOJ began moving away from its decade-long monetary stimulus programme in 2024. Since then, policymakers have indicated that further rate increases could be warranted if economic and price developments remain broadly consistent with the central bank's outlook. The potential for additional tightening also places Japan alongside other major economies where policymakers are reassessing interest rates amid renewed inflation pressures. Supply Shocks Becoming More Persistent The BOJ's concerns extend beyond traditional demand-driven inflation. The COVID-19 pandemic, Russia's invasion of Ukraine, higher US tariffs and renewed Middle East tensions have demonstrated how supply disruptions can rapidly affect prices across economies. According to Reuters, Nakamura questioned whether such shocks had become more systematic and whether factors including income and wealth inequality, populism, geopolitical risks and climate change could reinforce their impact. The BOJ official also pointed to Japan's changing demographics as a longer-term source of inflationary pressure. A shrinking labour force is contributing to wage increases, creating a structural factor that policymakers cannot simply treat as temporary. BOJ Watching Household and Corporate Behaviour Nakamura also stressed the need for central banks to combine economic data with information gathered from households and businesses. Such analysis could help policymakers better understand changing behaviour and assess how supply shocks may influence inflation expectations. For Japan, the challenge is particularly important as the economy adjusts to a weaker yen, higher import costs, tighter labour conditions and elevated energy prices. The BOJ's policy path will therefore depend not only on headline inflation but also on whether external shocks begin to generate broader and more persistent increases in domestic prices and wages. With inflation risks remaining elevated, the central bank faces growing pressure to continue its gradual normalisation of monetary policy, Reuters reported. 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